Xi'an: China's Ancient Capital and Terracotta Army Guardian

A First-Timer's Guide to the Eternal City Where East Meets West

Picture yourself standing face-to-face with thousands of life-sized terracotta warriors that have guarded an emperor's tomb for over 2,200 years, where ancient city walls still encircle a modern metropolis, where the Silk Road began its legendary journey to connect East and West, and where every neighborhood seems to hold archaeological treasures that span 3,000 years of continuous civilisation. Welcome to Xi'an, the former imperial capital that ruled China for over 1,000 years and offers first-time visitors an unparalleled introduction to the depth, grandeur, and cultural continuity that define Chinese civilisation at its most magnificent and enduring.

If you're seeking to understand the roots of Chinese culture and the historical foundations that created contemporary China, Xi'an provides the perfect introduction to imperial grandeur, ancient trade networks, and the archaeological wonders that reveal how Chinese civilisation influenced the entire world through innovation, cultural exchange, and artistic achievement. This captivating city of 13 million people in Shaanxi Province combines world-class historical sites with vibrant street life, traditional crafts, and cultural experiences that demonstrate how ancient traditions continue to thrive in modern Chinese urban environments.

Xi'an literally means "Western Peace," reflecting its position as the western terminus of ancient Chinese civilisation and the eastern beginning of the Silk Road that connected China with Central Asia, the Middle East, and beyond. For first-time visitors, it offers an ideal introduction to Chinese archaeological treasures, Islamic culture within China, and the historical experiences that shaped not just Chinese identity but global patterns of trade, cultural exchange, and technological innovation that continue to influence contemporary international relations.

History and Culture: Where Dynasties Built Eternity

Xi'an's extraordinary 3,100-year history encompasses more than any other Chinese city, serving as capital to 13 dynasties including the Qin, Han, and Tang—periods that established the political, cultural, and technological foundations of Chinese civilisation while creating artistic and architectural achievements that influenced cultures across Asia and beyond. The city's position in the fertile Wei River valley provided agricultural abundance while its strategic location controlled access to western trade routes, creating conditions for sustained prosperity that funded the palaces, temples, and monumental projects that defined imperial Chinese grandeur.

The first Emperor Qin Shi Huang (259-210 BC) chose Xi'an as his capital while unifying China and creating institutions including standardised currency, writing systems, and administrative structures that continue to influence Chinese governance today. His massive tomb complex, guarded by the famous Terracotta Army, represents perhaps humanity's most ambitious attempt to recreate earthly power in the afterlife while demonstrating technological and artistic capabilities that astounded archaeologists when discovered in 1974.

During the Han Dynasty (206 BC - 220 AD), Xi'an became the eastern terminus of the Silk Road, attracting merchants, diplomats, and travelers from across the known world while creating the cosmopolitan culture that made Tang Dynasty Xi'an (then called Chang'an) the world's largest city with over one million residents. The cultural exchanges facilitated by Silk Road trade brought Buddhism, foreign artistic styles, and technological innovations while spreading Chinese inventions including paper, gunpowder, and the compass to distant civilisations.

The Tang Dynasty (618-907 AD) represented the height of Xi'an's international importance, when the city served as capital of an empire stretching from Korea to Central Asia while attracting scholars, artists, and religious figures from throughout the known world. The Tang court's openness to foreign influence created unique cultural synthesis visible in art, architecture, and cultural practices preserved in Xi'an's museums and archaeological sites. The famous Tang poems celebrating Xi'an's beauty and international character continue to influence Chinese literature and cultural identity.

The arrival of Islam during the Tang Dynasty created Xi'an's distinctive Muslim Quarter, where Han Chinese converts and Central Asian merchants established communities that maintain unique cultural traditions combining Chinese and Islamic elements. These communities developed distinctive architectural styles, culinary traditions, and cultural practices that demonstrate how Chinese civilisation accommodated foreign influences while maintaining cultural continuity.

Modern Xi'an emerged during the 20th century as archaeological discoveries revealed the city's historical significance while industrial development created contemporary prosperity based on aerospace, electronics, and tourism industries. The 1974 discovery of the Terracotta Army transformed Xi'an into one of the world's premier tourist destinations while ongoing archaeological work continues to reveal new aspects of ancient Chinese civilisation.

Contemporary Xi'an culture reflects successful integration of historical preservation with modern development, where ancient city walls coexist with modern infrastructure, traditional crafts thrive alongside high-tech industries, and cultural festivals celebrate both imperial heritage and contemporary achievements. The city serves as a model for balancing historical preservation with economic development while maintaining the cultural authenticity that defines regional identity.

Places to Go in Xi'an: Top 5 Must-See Attractions

1. Terracotta Warriors and Horses Museum

This UNESCO World Heritage site houses one of archaeology's greatest discoveries: over 8,000 life-sized terracotta soldiers, horses, and chariots created to guard Emperor Qin Shi Huang's tomb over 2,200 years ago. The museum includes three excavated pits showcasing different military formations, while the exhibition halls display bronze weapons, armour, and artefacts that demonstrate ancient Chinese metallurgy and military organization. Each warrior has unique facial features and expressions, representing individual artisans' work while collectively demonstrating imperial power and artistic sophistication. Plan full day visits to appreciate the scale and detail of this remarkable archaeological site.

2. Ancient City Wall and Gate Towers

Xi'an's remarkably preserved Ming Dynasty city walls represent the most complete ancient urban fortification system in China, stretching 14 kilometres around the old city with massive gates, watchtowers, and defensive structures that demonstrate traditional Chinese military architecture. Walking or cycling the complete wall circuit provides panoramic views of both ancient neighbourhoods and modern city development while explaining how traditional Chinese cities balanced defense with commerce. The wall includes museums explaining construction techniques and historical significance, while evening illumination creates magical views of ancient architecture against modern skylines.

3. Muslim Quarter and Great Mosque

This vibrant neighborhood demonstrates Xi'an's role as eastern terminus of the Silk Road through authentic Islamic culture, architecture, and cuisine that has thrived here for over 1,300 years. The Great Mosque, one of China's oldest and largest Islamic religious sites, features unique architecture combining Chinese and Islamic design elements while serving active religious communities. The surrounding streets buzz with traditional workshops, authentic restaurants, and cultural sites that preserve Central Asian influences while adapting to Chinese urban environments. Evening visits provide atmospheric experiences when traditional lanterns illuminate narrow streets filled with aromatic food stalls.

4. Big Wild Goose Pagoda and Tang Dynasty Cultural Area

This iconic seven-story Buddhist pagoda, built in 652 AD to house sacred texts brought from India by the famous monk Xuanzang, represents Tang Dynasty religious architecture while anchoring a cultural district showcasing traditional Chinese arts, gardens, and performances. The pagoda includes exhibitions explaining Buddhist transmission along the Silk Road, while surrounding parks feature musical fountain shows, traditional gardens, and cultural venues hosting Tang Dynasty dance and music performances. The area demonstrates how ancient religious sites adapt to contemporary cultural and educational uses while maintaining spiritual significance.

5. Shaanxi History Museum

This world-class museum houses over 370,000 artefacts spanning Chinese history from prehistoric times through the Qing Dynasty, with particularly strong collections from the Zhou, Qin, Han, and Tang dynasties that made Xi'an their capital. The exhibits include imperial treasures, everyday objects, and artistic works that provide comprehensive understanding of Chinese cultural development while explaining Xi'an's role in creating institutions and traditions that defined Chinese civilisation. English audio guides and detailed explanations make complex historical information accessible to international visitors seeking to understand Chinese cultural foundations.

Things to Do in Xi'an: Top 5 Activities and Experiences

1. Learn Traditional Chinese Calligraphy and Stone Rubbing

Study the ancient arts of Chinese calligraphy and stone rubbing through workshops with master practitioners who teach traditional techniques while explaining cultural significance and historical development. Activities include learning to handle traditional brushes and ink, understanding character structure and meaning, and creating stone rubbings from ancient inscriptions that preserve historical texts and artistic works. These hands-on experiences provide insight into Chinese intellectual traditions while creating meaningful souvenirs that connect participants with scholarly practices spanning over 2,000 years.

2. Experience Tang Dynasty Cultural Performances and Banquets

Participate in elaborate cultural experiences recreating Tang Dynasty court life through traditional music, dance, and dining that demonstrate the international sophistication and artistic achievements of ancient Xi'an. Evening performances feature authentic costumes, instruments, and choreography based on historical research, while traditional banquets include foods prepared using ancient recipes and serving customs. These immersive experiences provide understanding of imperial Chinese culture while demonstrating how Tang Dynasty cosmopolitanism influenced artistic traditions throughout East Asia.

3. Explore Archaeological Sites and Ongoing Excavations

Visit active archaeological sites where researchers continue discovering new aspects of ancient Chinese civilisation while explaining modern archaeological techniques and historical interpretation methods. Some sites allow visitors to observe ongoing excavation work, while others provide hands-on experiences including artefact identification and traditional archaeological techniques. These educational experiences demonstrate how archaeological discoveries continue to reshape understanding of Chinese history while providing insight into scientific methods used to preserve and study ancient cultures.

4. Learn Traditional Chinese Martial Arts and Philosophy

Study various martial arts traditions including Tai Chi, Qigong, and traditional weapons forms through instruction with masters who explain philosophical foundations and health benefits alongside physical techniques. Many programs take place in traditional settings including temple courtyards and historical gardens while incorporating meditation and breathing exercises that provide holistic introduction to Chinese wellness traditions. Activities accommodate various fitness levels while providing cultural education about how martial arts preserve traditional Chinese philosophy and health practices.

5. Take Silk Road Cultural and Cuisine Tours

Experience Xi'an's role as Silk Road terminus through guided tours of Islamic neighbourhoods, Central Asian cultural sites, and restaurants serving authentic cuisines from various Silk Road cultures. These comprehensive experiences explain how trade routes created cultural exchange while preserving traditions brought by merchants, diplomats, and travelers from across Central Asia. Activities include visiting traditional workshops, learning about Islamic calligraphy and architecture, and understanding how Silk Road influences continue to shape contemporary Xi'an culture.

Eat and Drink in Xi'an: Top 5 Cuisines to Try

1. Authentic Xi'an Biangbiang Noodles (Biáng Biáng 面)

These exceptionally wide, hand-pulled wheat noodles represent Xi'an's most famous culinary creation, featuring pasta-like noodles served with spicy sauce, vegetables, and meat that create satisfying comfort food beloved throughout northwestern China. The noodle name uses one of Chinese writing's most complex characters (biáng), containing 62 strokes, while traditional preparation requires specific hand-pulling techniques that create impressive noodle width and texture. Different vendors develop signature sauce combinations and preparation methods, making noodle exploration a cultural adventure that reveals family traditions and regional preferences within Xi'an's diverse neighbourhoods.

2. Roujiamo (Chinese Hamburger) (肉夹馍)

Often called "Chinese hamburger," this iconic Xi'an street food features tender braised pork stuffed into crispy, flatbread that's been perfected over centuries in northwestern China. Traditional preparation involves slow-cooking pork with complex spice combinations until it achieves melt-in-your-mouth texture, while the bread requires specific baking techniques that create crispy exterior and soft interior. Each vendor maintains closely guarded recipes for both meat preparation and bread making, creating fierce local loyalty and ongoing debates about authenticity among Xi'an residents who consider roujiamo essential cultural heritage.

3. Yang Rou Pao Mo (Lamb Soup with Bread) (羊肉泡馍)

This hearty soup represents Xi'an's most traditional dish, featuring rich lamb broth poured over hand-torn pieces of dense, unleavened bread that diners break into specific sizes according to traditional customs. The dish preparation becomes interactive dining experience where proper bread-tearing technique affects final texture and flavour, while the intensely flavoured broth requires hours of simmering lamb bones with traditional spices. Understanding proper eating methods and cultural significance transforms this simple-appearing dish into insight into northwestern Chinese comfort food traditions and communal dining customs.

4. Muslim Quarter Street Food and Halal Specialties

Xi'an's Islamic community has created unique halal cuisine combining Central Asian influences with Chinese cooking techniques, producing distinctive dishes including spiced lamb skewers, hand-pulled noodles, and various bread preparations that reflect Silk Road cultural exchange. Traditional preparation methods preserve Islamic dietary requirements while adapting to local ingredients and Chinese culinary traditions. The Muslim Quarter's night markets offer dozens of specialised vendors whose families have maintained recipes through generations, creating opportunities to experience authentic cultural fusion cuisine while supporting traditional communities.

5. Persimmon Cakes and Traditional Sweets (柿子饼)

Xi'an's traditional desserts feature local persimmons prepared in various ways including stuffed cakes, dried persimmons, and sweet soups that showcase seasonal ingredients while providing mild, sweet alternatives to spicy regional dishes. Traditional preparation involves specific timing with persimmon ripeness and traditional cooking techniques that create distinctive textures and flavours. These sweets often appear during festivals and special occasions, providing insight into Chinese dessert traditions and seasonal eating customs that connect contemporary communities with agricultural cycles and traditional celebrations.

Where to Stay in Xi'an: Top 10 Hotels and Accommodations

Luxury International Hotels in Xi'an

1. Shangri-La Hotel Xi'an

The city's premier luxury hotel offers exceptional service, spacious rooms with city or pagoda views, and restaurants serving both international cuisine and refined Shaanxi specialties. The hotel's central location provides convenient access to major historical sites while maintaining elegant atmosphere that reflects Xi'an's imperial heritage. The spa incorporates traditional Chinese medicine treatments, while the concierge arranges exclusive experiences including private archaeological site tours and cultural workshops.

2. The Westin Xi'an

Modern luxury hotel featuring contemporary design with traditional Chinese elements, comprehensive business facilities, and multiple dining options showcasing both regional and international cuisine. The rooftop facilities provide spectacular views of the ancient city wall and modern skyline, while the hotel's location offers walking access to major attractions. The cultural concierge program arranges authentic local experiences and customised historical touring.

3. Sofitel Legend People's Grand Hotel Xi'an

Historic luxury property combining French elegance with Chinese imperial aesthetics, featuring beautifully appointed rooms and restaurants specialising in both European and traditional Chinese cuisine. The hotel's heritage and architectural details create unique atmosphere while providing modern amenities and professional service. The location provides easy access to both historical sites and contemporary shopping and entertainment districts.

Mid-Range Hotels in Xi'an

4. Holiday Inn Express Xi'an Bell Tower

Reliable international chain hotel offering modern amenities, comfortable accommodations, and helpful English-speaking staff experienced in assisting foreign visitors. The central location near the iconic Bell Tower provides convenient access to major attractions while maintaining reasonable prices. The hotel arranges Terracotta Warriors tours and provides detailed guidance for exploring Xi'an's historical sites independently.

5. Vienna Hotel Xi'an Bell and Drum Tower

Well-maintained domestic chain hotel with excellent location in the historic city center near major attractions and the Muslim Quarter. The hotel offers comfortable rooms with modern amenities while providing easy access to traditional neighbourhoods and authentic dining options. Staff assist with tour bookings and restaurant recommendations.

6. City Hotel Xi'an

Comfortable mid-range accommodation with good location and reasonable prices, featuring clean rooms and helpful staff who provide touring advice and transportation assistance. The hotel's proximity to the ancient city wall allows walking exploration of historic areas while remaining close to modern amenities and services.

Boutique Hotels and Cultural Stays in Xi'an

7. Xi'an Traditional Courtyard Hotel

Unique accommodation featuring authentic Chinese courtyard architecture with modern amenities, creating immersive cultural experiences while providing contemporary comfort. The traditional design includes classical gardens and architectural elements that demonstrate historical building techniques. The hotel arranges cultural activities including calligraphy lessons and traditional music performances.

8. Tang Dynasty Cultural Hotel

Themed accommodation reflecting Xi'an's golden age through traditional design elements, cultural programming, and restaurants specialising in Tang Dynasty cuisine prepared using historical recipes. The property includes cultural venues hosting traditional performances and workshops that provide insight into imperial Chinese culture. Rooms feature period-inspired furnishings while maintaining modern convenience amenities.

Budget-Friendly Hotels in Xi'an

9. Xi'an Shuyuanmen International Youth Hostel

Clean, safe accommodation popular with international backpackers and young travelers interested in historical exploration and cultural experiences. The hostel is located near the ancient city wall and Muslim Quarter, providing walking access to major attractions. Common areas facilitate meeting fellow travelers, while staff organise group tours to archaeological sites and cultural experiences.

10. Traditional Family Guesthouses

Arrangements through cultural tourism offices place visitors with local families in traditional neighbourhoods, offering authentic cultural experiences including participation in daily routines, home-cooked Shaanxi meals, and opportunities to practice Mandarin with patient hosts. Basic but clean accommodations require flexibility but provide unmatched cultural authenticity and insight into contemporary Chinese family life in historical settings.

Logistics and Practical Information

Getting to Xi'an

Xi'an Xianyang International Airport serves domestic Chinese destinations and growing number of international routes including direct flights to major Asian cities and select European destinations. Airport shuttle buses reach the city center in 45 minutes, while taxis take 30-40 minutes. High-speed rail connects Xi'an to Beijing (5 hours), Shanghai (6 hours), and Chengdu (3 hours), making it easily accessible from major Chinese cities. The railway station provides excellent connections throughout northern and western China.

Getting Around Xi'an

Xi'an's metro system includes 6 lines connecting major attractions, hotels, and transportation hubs with plans for significant expansion. Purchase daily or multi-day passes for convenience and savings. Taxis are abundant and reasonably priced, though drivers rarely speak English. Public buses serve all areas but can be challenging for non-Chinese speakers. Many central attractions are accessible on foot or by bicycle, with bike rentals available throughout the historic city center.

Money Matters

ATMs accepting international cards are widespread near hotels, major attractions, and shopping areas. Mobile payments dominate daily transactions, but cash remains essential for street food, traditional markets, and small vendors. Restaurant prices are very reasonable—expect 25-80 RMB per person for good meals. Attraction entrance fees can be substantial, especially for major sites like the Terracotta Warriors, so budget accordingly for comprehensive historical touring.

Communication

Download translation apps before arrival—camera translation proves invaluable for reading historical plaques, museum exhibits, and restaurant menus. Basic Mandarin phrases earn warm responses from locals who are typically patient and helpful with foreign visitors. Hotel staff at international properties speak English, but street vendors and local restaurant staff may not. Having major attractions and destinations written in Chinese characters helps with taxi directions and navigation.

Weather Preparation

Xi'an experiences continental climate with hot summers and cold winters. Spring (March-May) and autumn (September-November) offer ideal visiting conditions with comfortable temperatures and clear skies perfect for outdoor historical exploration. Summer brings intense heat and occasional rain—pack lightweight, breathable clothing and sun protection. Winter requires warm layers and may include snow, though major attractions remain accessible year-round.

Health and Safety

Xi'an is very safe for international travelers with low crime rates and helpful police presence throughout tourist areas. The main health concerns involve air quality during certain seasons and adjusting to local cuisine that can be oily and heavily spiced. Bring basic medications for stomach adjustments and consider masks during heavily polluted periods. International medical facilities provide English-speaking support when needed.

Orientation Tips for First Arrival in Xi'an

Airport to Hotel Strategy

Airport shuttle buses provide economical transportation to various city districts with clear English signage and reasonable frequency. Taxis offer convenience but ensure meters are used for fair pricing. Many hotels offer pickup services worth arranging in advance, especially for travelers arriving with archaeological tour plans. Airport staff provide basic English assistance and can help communicate destinations to drivers.

First Day Historical Orientation

Start with the Ancient City Wall for panoramic views and orientation about Xi'an's layout and historical development. The wall provides excellent introduction to the city's scale while offering spectacular photo opportunities and gentle physical activity. Use the first day to book Terracotta Warriors tours and understand transportation options before attempting independent exploration of distant archaeological sites.

Cultural Site Planning

Purchase comprehensive attraction tickets that include multiple sites for better value and convenience. Book Terracotta Warriors visits in advance, especially during peak travel seasons. Plan full days for major archaeological sites as they require significant time to appreciate properly. Consider guided tours for complex historical sites where English signage may be limited and cultural context enhances understanding.

Essential Apps and Preparation

Download offline maps of the city center and major historical sites. Translation apps prove essential for reading historical information and communicating with local guides. Metro apps help plan transportation between attractions efficiently. Photography apps assist with capturing optimal shots at archaeological sites during different lighting conditions.

Photography Planning and Etiquette

Bring cameras with good zoom capabilities for archaeological site details and crowd-free shots. Some areas within major attractions prohibit photography—observe posted signs and respect restrictions. Early morning visits to popular sites provide better lighting and fewer crowds for photography. Flash photography is typically prohibited in museums and sensitive archaeological areas.

Cultural Preparation and Historical Context

Basic understanding of Chinese dynastic history enhances appreciation of Xi'an's archaeological sites and historical significance. Learn about the Silk Road's historical importance to better understand the city's multicultural heritage. Research major emperors and historical figures associated with Xi'an to provide context for museum exhibits and archaeological discoveries.

Final Words About Xi'an

Your first encounter with Xi'an will likely redefine your understanding of Chinese civilisation's depth, continuity, and global influence throughout human history. This remarkable city offers an unparalleled introduction to imperial Chinese culture, archaeological wonders, and the historical foundations that created contemporary China while demonstrating how ancient traditions continue to thrive in modern urban environments.

Whether you spend your time marvelling at the Terracotta Army, learning traditional calligraphy, or exploring the vibrant Muslim Quarter that preserves Silk Road heritage, Xi'an provides an unforgettable foundation for understanding how Chinese culture developed the institutions, artistic traditions, and technological innovations that influenced civilisations throughout Asia and beyond while maintaining cultural continuity that spans over three millennia.