Nanjing: China’s Ancient Capital of Six Dynasties

A First-Timer's Guide to the Phoenix City's Imperial Legacy and Modern Revival

Imagine walking along ancient city walls that have stood for 600 years, where massive stone fortifications enclose a modern metropolis of 9 million people, where centuries-old temples coexist with cutting-edge universities, and where the ghosts of imperial courts mingle with the energy of contemporary Chinese innovation. Welcome to Nanjing, the "Southern Capital" that served as China's imperial seat for six dynasties and today stands as one of the country's most historically rich yet dynamically modern cities—offering first-time visitors an unparalleled introduction to how China honours its past while embracing its future.

If you're seeking to understand the sweep of Chinese civilisation without getting lost in Beijing's overwhelming scale, Nanjing provides the perfect introduction to imperial grandeur, revolutionary history, and contemporary culture. This sophisticated city in Jiangsu Province balances manageable size with incredible depth, where you can walk the same paths as emperors and revolutionaries, experience world-class museums and universities, and discover why locals call their home the "Phoenix City"—a place that has risen from destruction multiple times throughout its 2,500-year history.

Nanjing means "Southern Capital," reflecting its role as the imperial seat that rivalled Beijing's "Northern Capital" for much of Chinese history. Here, the Ming Dynasty built their first capital before moving north, the Republic of China established its government, and tragic wartime events shaped modern Chinese identity. For first-time visitors, Nanjing offers an ideal introduction to Chinese history's complexity, where ancient temples, imperial tombs, and modern memorials tell stories that span millennia while remaining thoroughly livable and navigable for international travelers.

History and Culture: Where Dynasties Rise and Fall

Nanjing's extraordinary history spans 2,500 years, beginning as the Wu Kingdom capital during the Warring States period and evolving into one of China's Four Great Ancient Capitals. The city earned its "Six Dynasties" designation by serving as capital for the Wu, Eastern Jin, Liu Song, Southern Qi, Liang, and Chen dynasties between 222-589 AD, establishing cultural and political traditions that influenced all subsequent Chinese civilisation.

The Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) chose Nanjing as their first capital, constructing the massive city walls that still encircle the old city—the longest ancient defensive walls in the world at 35 kilometres. The Hongwu Emperor built the Imperial Palace (larger than Beijing's Forbidden City), extensive gardens, and administrative complexes that demonstrated Ming power and architectural sophistication. Though the capital moved to Beijing in 1421, Nanjing retained its status as the "Southern Capital" and continued to serve as a major cultural and economic center.

The Republican era (1912-1949) returned Nanjing to political prominence when Sun Yat-sen's Nationalist government established the Republic of China here. The city became China's capital again from 1927-1937 and 1946-1949, hosting the government that sought to modernise China along Western lines while preserving Chinese cultural identity. This period produced significant architectural legacies including government buildings, universities, and tree-lined boulevards that created the modern city's foundation.

The tragic events of December 1937, when Japanese forces occupied Nanjing and committed widespread atrocities, represent one of the darkest chapters in Chinese history. The Nanjing Massacre profoundly influenced Chinese national identity and contemporary China-Japan relations. Today's memorials and museums present this history with careful documentation while emphasising peace education and historical reconciliation.

Contemporary Nanjing has emerged as a major center for education, technology, and culture within the Yangtze River Delta economic region. The city hosts some of China's most prestigious universities, including Nanjing University (founded 1902) and Southeast University, creating an intellectual atmosphere that attracts students and researchers from around the world. This academic heritage, combined with significant high-tech industries, creates a sophisticated urban culture that values both tradition and innovation.

Nanjing's cultural character reflects its imperial heritage through refined aesthetics, literary traditions, and culinary sophistication that distinguish it from other Chinese cities. Local dialect, architecture, and customs preserve elements of classical Chinese culture while adapting to modern realities. The city's parks, gardens, and cultural sites provide peaceful spaces where traditional practices like tai chi, calligraphy, and traditional music continue to thrive alongside contemporary urban life.

Places to Go in Nanjing: Top 5 Must-See Attractions

1. Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum and Purple Mountain

This UNESCO World Heritage site contains the tomb of the Hongwu Emperor, founder of the Ming Dynasty, set within Purple Mountain's forested slopes. The approach follows the Sacred Way, lined with stone animals and officials that create one of China's most atmospheric imperial approaches. The mausoleum complex demonstrates Ming architectural principles that influenced all subsequent imperial tombs, including Beijing's Ming Tombs. The surrounding area includes Dr. Sun Yat-sen's Mausoleum and the beautiful Linggu Temple, making this a full-day cultural exploration. Visit early morning for peaceful atmosphere and optimal photography conditions, and plan to spend 4-6 hours exploring the various sites.

2. Nanjing City Wall and Gates

The world's longest preserved ancient city wall offers unique perspectives on both historical Nanjing and the modern city beyond. Built during the early Ming Dynasty, the 35-kilometre wall follows natural topography rather than geometric patterns, creating more complex and interesting routes than typical Chinese city walls. Climb at Zhonghua Gate, the largest castle-style gate in ancient China, or at Xuanwu Gate for views over Xuanwu Lake. Sections of the wall provide elevated walkways perfect for morning jogs or sunset strolls, while the gates house museums explaining construction techniques and historical significance.

3. Confucius Temple (Fuzimiao) and Qinhuai River

This historic district combines China's second-largest Confucius Temple with traditional architecture, cultural sites, and lively commercial areas along the scenic Qinhuai River. The temple complex includes traditional Chinese gardens, ancient architecture, and museums dedicated to Confucian education and Chinese imperial examination systems. Evening river cruises provide romantic perspectives on illuminated traditional buildings reflected in the water. The surrounding pedestrian streets feature traditional crafts, local snacks, and cultural performances that create authentic atmosphere while remaining tourist-friendly.

4. Presidential Palace and Modern History Museum

This sprawling complex served as the seat of power for both imperial viceroys and Republican governments, offering comprehensive insight into China's transition from imperial rule to modern republic. The preserved offices of Sun Yat-sen and Chiang Kai-shek provide intimate glimpses into Republican-era leadership, while extensive gardens showcase traditional Chinese landscape design. The museum's exhibits cover the entire Republican period with balanced presentations of complex political history. English audio guides and detailed explanations make this accessible for international visitors seeking to understand modern Chinese political development.

5. Xuanwu Lake Park and Ming City Wall

This beautiful urban lake surrounded by traditional gardens and sections of the ancient city wall provides perfect introduction to Chinese park culture and recreational traditions. Early morning visits reveal hundreds of locals practicing tai chi, traditional music, calligraphy, and group dancing in settings of remarkable natural beauty. The lake includes several islands connected by traditional bridges, each featuring different gardens, pavilions, and cultural activities. Boat rentals provide water-level perspectives, while elevated sections of the city wall offer panoramic views of both the park and modern Nanjing skyline.

What to Do: Top 5 Activities and Experiences

1. Take a Traditional Qinhuai River Evening Cruise

Experience Nanjing's most romantic attraction aboard traditional wooden boats that navigate the historic Qinhuai River through the heart of the old city. Evening cruises showcase illuminated traditional architecture reflecting in the water while providing commentary about the area's history as an entertainment district for scholars and officials. Many cruises include traditional music performances or cultural presentations about classical Chinese literature and poetry associated with this famous waterway. The slow pace allows for photography and conversation while experiencing one of China's most celebrated scenic areas.

2. Join Morning Exercise Groups in City Parks

Participate in the remarkable social phenomenon of Chinese morning exercise by joining groups practicing tai chi, qigong, traditional dancing, or martial arts in Nanjing's numerous parks. Xuanwu Lake Park, Zhongshan Park, and sections along the city wall host hundreds of practitioners each morning from 6-8 AM. Most groups welcome curious foreigners and often provide impromptu lessons, creating natural opportunities for cultural exchange. Bring comfortable clothes and willingness to laugh at mistakes—the welcoming atmosphere makes this one of the best ways to connect with local culture while getting exercise.

3. Explore Traditional Markets and Street Food Culture

Nanjing's food markets offer incredible diversity reflecting both local specialties and influences from across the Yangtze River region. Guided food tours help navigate the overwhelming choices while explaining preparation methods and cultural significance. Popular experiences include learning about Nanjing's famous duck preparations, trying various dumpling styles, and understanding the regional variations of Chinese cuisine. Evening food streets around Confucius Temple create social dining experiences where you can observe contemporary Chinese food culture while sampling authentic local dishes.

4. Take Cultural Walking Tours Through Historic Districts

Professional guides lead walking tours through different eras of Nanjing's history, from ancient sites to Republican-era architecture to modern developments. These tours often include access to sites not typically open to independent visitors, plus detailed explanations of historical events and their contemporary significance. Specialised tours focus on specific themes like imperial architecture, revolutionary history, or traditional crafts, allowing visitors to pursue particular interests while gaining comprehensive understanding of Chinese cultural development.

5. Experience Traditional Chinese Arts and Crafts Workshops

Participate in hands-on workshops teaching traditional Chinese arts including calligraphy, painting, paper cutting, and traditional music. Many workshops take place in historic settings like traditional courtyards or cultural centers, providing authentic environments for learning. Instructors often speak basic English and enjoy sharing cultural knowledge with international students. These experiences typically last 2-3 hours and include materials plus completed works to take home. The workshops provide deeper appreciation for Chinese aesthetic principles while creating meaningful souvenirs of cultural learning.

Eat and Drink in Nanjing: Top 5 Cuisines to Try

1. Nanjing Salted Duck (南京盐水鸭)

This signature dish represents Nanjing's most famous culinary contribution to Chinese cuisine, featuring duck cured in salt brine and cooked to achieve tender meat with delicate, clean flavours. The preparation process takes several days and requires specific techniques passed down through generations of Nanjing duck masters. The meat has silky texture and subtle taste that contrasts sharply with Beijing's heavier roast duck preparations. Served cold as an appetiser or main dish, it's typically accompanied by ginger sauce and steamed bread. The best versions come from century-old restaurants that specialise exclusively in this dish.

2. Xiaolongbao (小笼包) Nanjing Style

While Shanghai claims fame for soup dumplings, Nanjing's version features slightly different preparation methods and filling combinations that reflect local tastes. Nanjing xiaolongbao often include crab meat or mixed meat fillings with rich, flavourful broth contained within thin dumpling skins. The eating technique requires careful approach to avoid burning your mouth with hot soup—locals demonstrate proper methods including cooling techniques and optimal dipping sauce combinations. Street-side vendors and traditional restaurants serve different styles, allowing comparison of preparation methods and regional variations.

3. Duck Blood and Vermicelli Soup (鸭血粉丝汤)

This hearty soup combines Nanjing's duck expertise with comfort food traditions, featuring tender duck blood, clear vermicelli noodles, duck meat, and vegetables in rich broth simmered from duck bones. The dish may sound unusual to foreign visitors, but the smooth texture of duck blood (similar to soft tofu) and rich, clean flavours create surprisingly satisfying comfort food. Each bowl is prepared individually with customisable spice levels and toppings. The dish represents authentic Nanjing working-class cuisine and appears throughout the city in small restaurants that specialise in traditional local dishes.

4. Nanjing Fried Rice Cakes (南京炒年糕)

These thick, chewy rice cakes stir-fried with vegetables, meat, and savoury sauces represent popular Nanjing street food that differs significantly from similar dishes in other Chinese regions. The rice cakes have substantial texture that absorbs flavours while maintaining satisfying chewiness. Common preparations include versions with Chinese cabbage, pork, and soy-based sauces, or vegetarian options featuring mushrooms and seasonal vegetables. Street vendors prepare individual portions in large woks, allowing customization of ingredients and spice levels. The dish provides filling, inexpensive meals popular with students and workers.

5. Osmanthus Sugar Taro (桂花糖芋苗)

This traditional Nanjing dessert features small taro root pieces cooked in sweet syrup flavoured with osmanthus flowers, creating delicate floral notes and smooth, creamy texture. The dessert reflects Nanjing's sophisticated approach to sweets, emphasising subtle flavours and elegant presentation rather than overwhelming sweetness. Osmanthus flowers, blooming throughout Nanjing in autumn, provide distinctive fragrance and golden colour that make this dessert visually beautiful and seasonally appropriate. Traditional tea houses and dessert shops serve it as conclusion to meals or afternoon treats accompanied by premium Chinese tea.

Where to Stay in Nanjing: Top 10 Hotels and Accommodations

Luxury International Hotels in Nanjing

1. The Ritz-Carlton Nanjing

The city's premier luxury hotel occupies floors 36-62 of a modern skyscraper, offering spectacular city views and impeccable service. Rooms feature contemporary design with Chinese artistic elements, while restaurants serve both international cuisine and refined interpretations of Jiangsu regional dishes. The spa incorporates traditional Chinese medicine treatments, and the concierge arranges cultural experiences including private museum tours and traditional craft workshops.

2. Jumeirah Nanjing

Ultra-luxury hotel featuring stunning modern design and panoramic views of Purple Mountain and the city skyline. The rooftop bar provides spectacular sunset views, while multiple restaurants offer everything from authentic Chinese cuisine to international specialties. The hotel's central location provides walking access to major attractions, and the cultural concierge program arranges exclusive experiences not available to independent travelers.

3. Grand Metropark Hotel Nanjing

Established luxury hotel with traditional elegance and comprehensive facilities for both business and leisure travelers. The hotel's reputation for excellent service attracts government officials and business leaders, ensuring consistently high standards. Multiple dining options include authentic Nanjing cuisine and international restaurants, while the spa and fitness facilities provide relaxation after intensive sightseeing.

Mid-Range Hotels in Nanjing

4. Novotel Nanjing East

Reliable international chain hotel offering modern amenities and professional service in excellent location near major attractions. The rooms are comfortable and well-equipped, while restaurants serve both Western breakfast options and local specialties. Staff provide helpful touring advice and assist with attraction bookings, making it comfortable for first-time visitors to China.

5. Holiday Inn Nanjing Xuanwu Lake

Convenient location overlooking Xuanwu Lake Park with rooms offering either lake or city views. The hotel provides easy access to both natural areas and cultural sites while maintaining international standards of comfort and service. The restaurant serves reliable international and Chinese cuisine, and the fitness center overlooks the lake for scenic workouts.

6. Crowne Plaza Nanjing Hotels & Suites

Well-maintained business hotel with comprehensive facilities and central location near shopping and dining areas. The club floors offer enhanced amenities and services, while the restaurants provide good selections of both local and international cuisine. The hotel's business center and meeting facilities ensure professional standards for all services.

Boutique Hotels and Cultural Stays in Nanjing

7. Nanjing Museum Hotel

Unique accommodation within walking distance of major museums and cultural sites, featuring rooms designed with cultural themes and traditional Chinese artistic elements. The hotel arranges special access to museums and cultural sites, plus workshops with local artists and craftspeople. The restaurant specialises in traditional Jiangsu cuisine prepared with historical recipes and seasonal ingredients.

8. Purple Mountain Villa Hotel

Peaceful retreat-style accommodation near Purple Mountain with traditional Chinese garden design and serene atmosphere. While facilities are more limited than major hotels, the natural setting and cultural authenticity provide unique experiences for travelers seeking deeper connection with traditional Chinese aesthetics and philosophy.

Budget-Friendly Hotels in Nanjing

9. Nanjing International Youth Hostel

Clean, safe accommodation popular with international backpackers and young Chinese travelers. The common areas facilitate meeting fellow travelers, and staff organise group tours to major attractions and cultural experiences. The hostel provides detailed information about budget dining options and local transportation, plus assistance with travel planning throughout eastern China.

10. Traditional Courtyard Guesthouses

Family-run accommodations in converted traditional buildings offer authentic cultural experiences with local families. These stays include participation in daily routines, traditional meals featuring home-cooked Jiangsu cuisine, and opportunities to practice Mandarin with patient hosts. Basic but clean facilities require flexibility but provide unmatched cultural immersion and often lead to lasting friendships with local families.

Logistics and Practical Information

Getting to Nanjing

Nanjing Lukou International Airport serves domestic Chinese cities and select international destinations including Japan, Korea, and Southeast Asia. Airport shuttle buses reach the city center in 45 minutes, while taxis take 30-40 minutes depending on traffic. High-speed rail connects Nanjing to Beijing (4 hours), Shanghai (1.5 hours), and Hangzhou (1 hour), making it easily accessible from other major Chinese destinations. The railway station provides excellent connections throughout eastern China.

Getting Around Nanjing

Nanjing's metro system includes 8 lines connecting major attractions, hotels, and transportation hubs—purchase daily or multi-day passes for convenience and savings. Taxis are abundant and reasonably priced, though drivers rarely speak English. Public buses are efficient but challenging for non-Chinese speakers. Many central attractions are walkable, and bike-sharing systems provide convenient short-distance transportation throughout the city.

Money Matters

ATMs accepting international cards are widespread, especially near hotels, universities, and shopping areas. Mobile payments (WeChat Pay, Alipay) dominate daily transactions, but cash remains essential for street food, markets, and small vendors. Restaurant prices are reasonable—expect 40-120 RMB per person for good meals. Tipping isn't customary, but small gestures are appreciated at upscale establishments.

Communication

Download translation apps before arrival—Google Translate with camera function proves invaluable for reading signs, menus, and historical plaques. Basic Mandarin phrases earn warm responses from locals, especially university students who often enjoy practicing English. Hotel staff at international properties speak English, but restaurant and shop staff typically don't. Having destinations written in Chinese characters is essential for taxi directions.

Weather Preparation

Nanjing experiences four distinct seasons with hot, humid summers and cold, damp winters. Spring (March-May) and autumn (September-November) offer ideal visiting conditions with comfortable temperatures and beautiful scenery. Summer brings intense heat and frequent rain, while winter requires warm layers and rain gear. The city's tree-lined streets provide natural beauty in all seasons.

Health and Safety

Nanjing is very safe for international travelers with low crime rates and helpful police presence. Air quality can be challenging during winter months—consider masks during heavily polluted days. The main health concern involves adjusting to local cuisine and water. International medical clinics in major hospitals provide English-speaking support. Pharmacies are widespread and well-stocked with both Chinese and international medications.

Orientation Tips for First Arrival in Nanjing

Airport to Hotel Strategy

Airport shuttle buses provide cheapest transportation to the city center with clear English signage and announcements. Taxis are more convenient with luggage, use official airport taxis with meters clearly displayed. Many hotels offer pickup services worth arranging in advance. Airport staff provide basic English assistance and can help communicate destinations to taxi drivers.

First Day Exploration

Start with Confucius Temple area for historical orientation and pedestrian-friendly introduction to Nanjing's character. The district provides walking-friendly exploration with numerous restaurants, shops, and cultural sites for initial cultural immersion. Take the metro to experience public transportation and get comfortable with the system before venturing to distant attractions.

University District Discovery

Nanjing's numerous universities create vibrant student areas with affordable dining, bookshops, and cultural activities. These districts offer natural opportunities for cultural exchange with Chinese students who often speak English and enjoy meeting international visitors. University cafeterias provide inexpensive, authentic meals in welcoming environments.

Essential Apps and Preparation

Download offline maps of the city center and major attractions. Translation apps prove essential for restaurant ordering and navigation. Metro apps help plan public transportation routes and timing. Weather apps assist with planning outdoor activities around Nanjing's seasonal variations.

Cultural Sensitivity Tips

Photography is generally welcome at most attractions, but ask permission before photographing people, especially elderly residents practicing traditional activities. Respect marked boundaries at historical sites and museums. Many sites have specific areas where photography is prohibited—observe posted signs and follow other visitors' behaviour.

Historical Context Preparation

Basic understanding of Chinese dynastic history and the Republican period enhances appreciation of Nanjing's sites. The city's complex history includes both glorious imperial periods and tragic wartime events—approach sensitive historical sites with appropriate respect and open-mindedness about different perspectives on historical events.

Final Words on Nanjing:

Your first encounter with Nanjing will likely redefine your understanding of Chinese civilisation's depth and continuity. This remarkable city offers an ideal introduction to China's imperial grandeur, intellectual traditions, and modern aspirations while remaining navigable and welcoming for international visitors.

Whether you spend your time walking ancient city walls, exploring world-class museums, or simply absorbing the sophisticated urban culture that emerges from centuries of education and refinement, Nanjing provides an unforgettable foundation for understanding why China takes such pride in its historical achievements and confident steps toward the future.